Glizmanenko D.L. Welding and Cutting of Metals
Alib.Author of the book: Glizmanenko. Title: Gas Welding and Cutting of Metals
Glizmanenko D.Л. Gas Welding and Metal Cutting. The textbook briefly describes the main methods of welding and cutting of metals and welding materials, describes the equipment and apparatus for gas welding and cutting of metals, gas welding and cutting technology, sets out the basic information on technical control, organization of production and safety. The 5th edition of the textbook reflects modern technological processes and equipment for gas welding and metal cutting. From the 5th edition the material on general technology of metals is excluded, but the book expands the description of plasma-arc cutting.
On sale:
| 1 | BS-ZigleonOrel. | M High School 1964g. 308с., ill. Hardcover, slightly enlarged format. | Condition: the book is strong, with scuffs, stale appearance | Outer appearance Title Page Cover | Buy for 70 |
| 2 | BS-SteviaKurgan. | М. High School 1964g. 308 с.S ill hardcover, enlarged format. | Condition: Worn endpapers, stamp. | Buy for 80 | |
| 3 | BS-IsedoraEkaterinburg. | М. High School 1969. 304 с. hardcover, regular format. | Condition: satisfactory. Cover dirtying, smudging | ф | Buy for 90 |
| 4 | BS-DopkaVoronezh. | М. Mashgiz. 1954г. 532с. Hardcover, 15 x 23 format. | Condition: Good. | Buy for 100 | |
| 5 | BS-aptpatVoronezh. | М. High School. 1969г. 304 с. Hardcover, Extended format. | Condition: Good. Library stamps. | Buy for 100 | |
| 6 | BS-donkaVoronezh. | М. High school. 1969г. 304с. Hardcover, 13 x 21 format. | Condition: Good. The stamp of the organization. | Buy for 100 | |
| 7 | BS-oleg-srbSaint Petersburg. | М. High School 1969g. 304 с., ill. Hard cover, plain format. | Condition: good | Buy for 100 | |
| 8 | BS-SteviaKurgan. | М. HS 1969. 304 с., ill. Hard cover, normal format. | Condition: och.good,, | Buy for 100 | |
| 9 | BS-KalirsoVolgograd. | М. High School 1969. 304с. Hardcover, regular format. | Condition: good | see | Buy for 100 |
| 10 | BS-YuraumSamara region. г.Syzran. | М. Mashgiz 1961. 448с.,ill. Hard cover, Large format. | Condition: Good, trace of moisture, a. a stamp. | Buy for 100 | |
| 11 | BS-Koba75Taganrog. | М. High School 1969. 304с. Hard cover, normal format. | Condition: good, stamps. | Buy for 100 | |
| 12 | BS-Koba75Taganrog. | М. TSH 1969g. 304 с., ill. Hardcover, regular format. | Condition: good, stamps. | Buy for 100 | |
| 13 | BS-BarvipokUkraine, Odessa. | М. High School 1969. 304 с., ill. Hardcover, regular format. | Condition: list.Bibl.copy., The binding is worn and a little dirty, the block is good | Buy for 120 | |
| 14 | BS-VLADIMIRATISRostov-on-Don, Barnaul. | High School 1969. 304 pp Hard cover, regular format. | Condition: good, Inv.but., stamped-redacted | Buy for 120 | |
| 15 | BS-Smolin_M.Chelyabinsk. | М. WS 1969. 304 с. Hardcover, regular format. | Condition: Good, rubbed edges of covers, tear between pp. 2 and 3 and between the last sheets in the block, on the side edge of the inscription pen, on the flyleaf stroke-corrector painted owner’s signature. | Buy for 130 | |
| 16 | BS-Smolin_M.Chelyabinsk. | М. High School. 1969г. 304 с. with illustration. Hardcover, normal format. | Condition: Good. The block is slightly detached from the binding. Edges of cover rubbed. | Buy for 140 | |
| 17 | BS-maxtur-ppNizhny Novgorod. | М. Mashgiz 1954g. 532 с. Hardcover, enlarged format. | Condition: Good, pages-good with plus, a few pages of notes in the text. | photo | Buy for 150 |
| 18 | BS-BarvinokUkraine, Odessa. | М. High School 1964g. 308 с., ill. hardcover, enlarged format. | Condition: as.bibl.ex., rubbed binding, good | Buy for 150 | |
| 19 | BS-BarvinokUkraine, Odessa. | М. High School 1969. 304 с., ill. hardcover, normal format. | Condition: worn binding, good book block, children’s handwriting on the back cover | Buy for 150 | |
| 20 | BS-BarvinkUkraine, Odessa. | М. Mashgiz 1961. 448 с. hardcover, enlarged format. | Condition: slight wear on the side edge of the top cover, otherwise good | Buy for 150 | |
| 21 | BS-Smolin_M.Chelyabinsk. | М. Trudzervizdat 1957g. 228 с., sel. Hard cover, enlarged format. | Condition: Good, the binding is a little worn, corners frayed. | Buy for 150 | |
| 22 | BS-Smolin_M.Chelyabinsk. | М. BS 1969g. 304 с. Hardcover, regular format. | Condition: Good, rubbed edges of the lids. | Buy for 170 | |
| 23 | BS-ChumodanMoscow. | Moscow Vysshaya Shkola 1973g. 272 с. soft cover, enlarged format. | Condition: Good,an inscription on the spine | photo | Buy for 200 |
| 24 | BS-toshopVoronezh. | М. MASHGIZ 1961. 448 с. Hard cover, regular format. | Condition: very good | Buy for 200 | |
| 25 | BS-Drok-ts-Moscow. | М. High School 1969. 304с. Hard cover, Slightly enlarged format. | Condition: Good. Worn edges of the binding | cover | Buy for 350 |
| 26 | BS-OrlikPetrozavodsk. | M High School 1964g. 307s hardcover, slightly enlarged format. | Condition: satisfactory. | Buy for 350 | |
| 27 | BS-StoryMoscow. | М. The World. 1964г. 433 с. Hardcover, dust cover., | Condition: Book-very good. Supercover-quality. | Buy for 400 | |
| 28 | BS-TrimurtiUkraine, Kharkov. | М. Mashgiz. 1946г. 264:Il.с. Hard cover, enlarged format. | Condition: good, marks on the cover and title page. | Photo | Buy for 400 |
| 29 | BS-OrlikPetrozavodsk. | Mashinostroenie 1961. 447s hardcover, slightly enlarged format. | Condition: satisfactory. | Buy for 450 | |
| 30 | BS-AntikvarTataria. | Moscow Higher School 1969г. 304 с. Hard cover, usual format. | Condition: good stamping adhesive tape. | Buy for 980 |
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Copyright #169 1999. 2022, Leading and K#176. All rights reserved. Questions, suggestions write in the book
Alib.Author of the book: glizmanenko. Title: Welding Metal Cutting
Glizmenenko D.Л. Welding and cutting metals. The book deals with the technology of manual arc welding, describes the basics of modern methods of semi-automatic and automatic arc welding, welding in shielding gas, electroslag welding, gas welding and oxygen cutting of metals. The basic information on modern welding equipment, methods of production control, organization of work, safety and rationing of welding work. Short : Basic concepts of metal welding. General information about typical manual arc welding equipment and its maintenance. Welding joints. Electric welding arc. Metallurgical processes in welding. Electrodes for arc welding. Manual arc welding technique. Deformations, stresses and heat treatment in welding. Technology of manual arc welding of steel. Peculiarities of welding of some constructions. Automatic and semi-automatic submerged arc welding. Inert shielding gas welding. Carbon dioxide welding. Arc welding of pig iron. Arc welding of non-ferrous metals and their alloys. Hardfacing with hard alloys and metals. Arc cutting. Welding and cutting under water. Transformers for AC welding. DC welding converters. Equipment for automatic welding. Materials and equipment for gas welding and cutting. Gas welding technology. Oxygen cutting. Control of welds. Organization and rationing of welding work. Safety Techniques. With numerous illustrations.
On sale:
| 1 | BS-ZigleonOrel. | M High School 1964g. 308с., silt. hardcover, slightly enlarged format. | Condition: the book is strong, worn, stale appearance | Appearance Title Page | Buy for 70 |
| 2 | BS-SteviaKurgan. | М. High School 1964g. 308 с.s ill hardcover, enlarged format. | Condition: worn ends, stamp. | Buy for 80 | |
| 3 | BS-IsedoraEkaterinburg. | М. High School 1969g. 304 с. Hard cover, regular format. | Condition: satisfactory. Cover soiling, smudges | ф | Buy for 90 |
| 4 | BS-donkaVoronezh. | М. Mashgiz. 1954г. 532с. Hard cover, 15 x 23 format. | Condition: Good. | Buy for 100 | |
| 5 | BS-ivanhoeVoronezh region., Semiluki. | Moscow Proftekhizdat 1962g. 448c hardcover, enlarged format. | Condition: cover chor, inside och chor | Buy for 100 | |
| 6 | BS-aptpatVoronezh. | М. High School. 1969г. 304 с. Hardcover, Large Format. | Condition: Good. Library stamps. | Buy for 100 | |
| 7 | BS-donkaVoronezh. | М. High School. 1969г. 304с. Hard cover, 13 x 21 format. | Condition: Good. The stamp of the organization. | Buy for 100 | |
| 8 | BS-oleg-srbSaint Petersburg. | М. High School 1969. 304 с., ill. Hardcover, Slim format. | Condition: good | Buy for 100 | |
| 9 | BS-oleg-ѕrbSaint Petersburg. | М. Trudrezervizdat 1955g. 432 с., ill. Hardcover, Slim format. | Condition: satisfactory, stamps, a few marks in the text, cover rubbed, cover corner missing, torn spine | Buy for 100 | |
| 10 | BS-StateviaKurgan. | М. VSH 1969. 304 с., ill. Hard cover, regular format. | Condition: och.good,, | Buy for 100 | |
| 11 | BS-KalirsoVolgograd. | М. High School 1969. 304с. Hard cover, regular format. | Condition: good | see | Buy for 100 |
| 12 | BS-YuraumSamara obl. г.Syzran. | М. Mashgiz 1961g. 448с.,il. Hardcover, Large format. | Condition: Good,trace of moisture,a. stamp. | Buy for 100 | |
| 13 | BS-Koba75Taganrog. | M Proftekhizdat 1962. 448 с. Hard cover, enlarged format. | Condition: good, stamps. | Buy for 100 | |
| 14 | BS-Koba75Taganrog. | М. High School 1969. 304с. Hardcover, regular format. | Condition: good, stamps. | Buy for 100 | |
| 15 | BS-Koba75Taganrog. | М. VSH 1969g. 304 с., ill. Hardcover, normal format. | Condition: good, stamps. | Buy for 100 | |
| 16 | BS-BarvinokUkraine, Odessa. | М. High School 1969. 304 с., ill. hardcover, regular format. | Condition: спис.Bibl.copy., Rubbed and slightly soiled binding, good block | Buy for 120 | |
| 17 | BS-VLADIMIRATISRostov-on-Don, Barnaul. | High School 1969. 304 pp hard cover, usual format. | Condition: good, inv.Nom., stamped-redacted | Buy for 120 | |
| 18 | BS-Smolin_M.Chelyabinsk. | М. BS 1969g. 304 с. Hardcover, regular format. | Condition: Good, rubbed edges of covers, the gap between pages. On the side edge of the book, on the 2nd and 3rd and between the last sheets in the block, pen inscription, on the flyleaf the owner’s signature is smudged with a stroke-corrector. | Buy for 130 | |
| 19 | BS-Smolin_M.Chelyabinsk. | М. High school. 1969г. 304 с. With illusions. Hardcover, regular format. | Condition: Good. The block slightly comes off the binding. Edges of cover rubbed. | Buy for 140 | |
| 20 | BS-maxtur-ppNizhny Novgorod. | М. Mashgiz 1954g. 532 с. Hardcover, enlarged format. | Condition: Good, pages-good with plus, a few pages of marks in the text. | photo | Buy for 150 |
| 21 | BS-NatashaSPbSaint Petersburg. | М. High School 1975г. 479 с. Hardcover, enlarged format. | Condition: Worn corners and edges of the binding. small spot on spine. book block. very good. excellent | view | Buy for 150 |
| 22 | BS-BarvikUkraine, Odessa. | М. High School 1964g. 308 с., illustration. Hard cover, enlarged format. | Condition: спис.Bibl.copy., Rubbed binding, good | Buy for 150 | |
| 23 | BS-BarvikUkraine, Odessa. | М. High School 1969. 304 с., ile. hardcover, regular format. | Condition: worn binding, book block good, children’s handwriting on the back cover | Buy for 150 copies | |
| 24 | BS-BarvikUkraine, Odessa. | М. Mashgiz 1961g. 448 с. hardcover, enlarged format. | Condition: slight wear on the side edge of the top cover, otherwise good | Buy for 150 | |
| 25 | BS-Koba75Taganrog. | М. High School 1974g. 478 с. Hard cover, regular format. | Condition: close to good, worn covers, stamps. | Buy for 150 | |
| 26 | BS-Smolin_M.Chelyabinsk. | М. Trudzervizdat 1957g. 228 с., sleeve. Hardcover, enlarged format. | Condition: Good, the binding is a little worn, corners frayed. | Buy for 150 | |
| 27 | BS-NickolaiRSaratov. | М. Trudzervizdat 1959g. 400 с., ill. Hard cover, slightly enlarged format. | Condition: good. Book weight490 g | Buy for 160 | |
| 28 | BS-Smolin_M.Chelyabinsk. | М. TSH 1969g. 304 с. Hard cover, regular format. | Condition: Good, rubbed edges of covers. | Buy for 170 | |
| 29 | BS-SledoputRepublic of Tatarstan, Moscow, Russia. Zelenodolsk | М. High School. 1975г. 480 с., with illustration. Hardcover, slightly enlarged format. | State: Good; marks bibl. | View | Buy for 180 |
| 30 | BS-ChumodanMoscow. | Moscow High School 1973. 272 с. soft cover, enlarged format. | Condition: Good, the inscription on the spine | photo | Buy for 200 |
| 31 | BS-ChumodanMoscow. | M High School 1975г. 479с. hardcover, enlarged format. | Condition: Good, abrasions | photo | Buy for 200 |
| 32 | BS-toshopBoronezh. | М. MASHGIZ 1961. 448 с. Hardcover, Regular format. | Condition: very good | Buy for 200 | |
| 33 | BS-TOMIKOCAHRostov-on-Don. | М. Trudzervizdat 1959g. 400с. Hardcover, Slightly larger format. | Condition: good | Buy for 300 | |
| 34 | BS-Drok-ts-Moscow. | М. High School 1969г. 304с. Hardcover, Regular format. | Condition: Good. Rubbed edges of binding | cover | Buy for 350 |
| 35 | BS-OrlikPetrozavodsk. | M High School 1964g. 307s hardcover, slightly enlarged format. | Condition: satisfactory. | Buy for 350 | |
| 36 | BS-OrlikPetrozavodsk. | Moscow High School 1967. 448s hardcover, slightly enlarged format. | Condition: poor | Buy for 390 | |
| 37 | BS-StolarMoscow. | М. The World. 1964г. 433 с. Hardcover, dust cover., | Condition: Book-very good. Supercover-quality. | Buy for 400 | |
| 38 | BS-TrimurtiUkraine, Kharkov. | М. Mashgiz. 1946г. 264:ill.с. Hardcover, enlarged format. | State: good, marks on the cover and title page. | Photo by | Buy for 400 |
| 39 | BS-OrlikPetrozavodsk. | Mashinostroenie 1961. 447c hard cover, slightly enlarged format. | Condition: satisfactory. | Buy for 450 | |
| 40 | BS-AntikvarTatarya. | Moscow VSh 1969g. 304 с. Hard cover, regular format. | Condition: good stamping adhesive tape. | Buy for 980 |
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Copyright #169 1999. 2022, Host and K#176. All rights reserved. Questions, suggestions write in the book
Glizmanenko. Gas Welding and Cutting of Metals (1969)
Gas Welding and Cutting of Metals. Textbook for individual and group training of workers in production. Ed. 5-th, revised, and supplementary. М., Higher. school, 1969. 304 с. with ill. 250 000 copies. 46 к.
The textbook briefly describes the basic methods of welding and cutting of metals, gives the properties of mating metals and welding materials, describes the equipment and apparatus for gas welding and metal cutting, the technology of gas welding and cutting, sets out the basic information on technical control, organization of production and safety.
The 5th edition of the textbook reflects modern technological processes and equipment for gas welding and metal cutting. Material on general metal technology is excluded from the 5th edition, but the book expands the description of plasma arc cutting.
The book is a manual for individual and brigade training of welders at work.
Welding is currently one of the main high-performance technological processes used in industry and construction. The program of the CPSU set the main economic task to create within 20 years the material and technical base of communism, to transform the industry of the USSR into the most advanced and powerful industry in the world.
With application of achievements of modern science, welding can successfully solve many problems of technological development. The development of welding has a direct impact on the technical level of major industries.
Party and government pay constant attention to the development and introduction of welding. In the decisions of the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers identified the following main directions of development of welding production in our country: replacement of riveted, cast, forged and other structures more economical welded, rapid creation of specialized enterprises and workshops for welded structures (center welded), the introduction of wear-resistant cladding machine parts and mechanisms; expansion of production of welding equipment and materials, integrated mechanization and automation of basic and auxiliary processes in welding production.
Over 50 years of Soviet power, welding production has developed into a major independent branch of technology. Welding is used in all sectors of the economy, and in a number of industries it has become the main technological process. Many important technical problems cannot now be solved without the use of welding.
Achieved in our country progress in the field of automation and mechanization of welding processes allowed a fundamental change in technology of construction and manufacture of such major objects as blast furnaces and other metallurgical units, bridges, pipelines, ships, railway cars, chemical equipment, powerful presses, water turbines.
According to the level of development of welding equipment, quality and level of research in the field of welding our country is leading in the world. The huge economic efficiency of welding is evidenced by the following data: for seven years (from 1958 to 1965).).
The total saving, obtained by our country due to application of welding and surfacing, was more than 800 million and more than 6.7 mln. over 6,7 mln tons of metal. Various welding methods are used in industry to join metals of both very large (1000 mm or more) and very small (5 µm or less) thicknesses. Many new types of high-performance welding equipment, automatic lines for welding pipes of different diameters of automobile wheels and bodies, parts of electrical appliances, reinforcement for reinforced concrete structures, etc. were created. Widely used in-line mowing line for welding ship hulls, railway tanks, cylindrical shells and many other items of mass and high-volume production. Welding of special steels and alloys, including those previously considered difficult to weld, is rapidly expanding.
The most widespread welding methods in industry and construction are electric arc welding (manual, semi-automatic and automatic submerged arc and gas shielding), as well as resistance welding.
Fewer manual gas welding is used, used primarily for repair work, welding of thin-walled pipes, non-ferrous metals and cast iron. In a number of industries (instrumentation, electronics, tools, new areas of technology) are used special methods of welding ultrasonic, electron beam diffusion welding in a vacuum, plasma.
Microelectronics uses the latest laser beam welding method, which allows to weld thin hair and foil of the most diverse materials, including hard-to-weld materials: silicon, nickel, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, copper, aluminum, gold, etc.
The foundations of modern welding methods were laid by discoveries and inventions of Russian scientists and engineers. Back in the early last century, Academician Vasily Petrov proposed using the heat of his discovery of an electric arc to melt metals. 80 years later, Russian engineers Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos and Nikolai Gavrilovich Slavyanov developed industrial methods of electric welding of metals. These methods, significantly improved, are widely used in modern welding techniques.
Great contribution to the development of the science and practice of welding was made by Soviet scientists, engineers and advanced workers welders. Welding methods developed and used in the USSR are now so diverse that they allow all metals used in technology to be welded.
The leading welding research institute in our country is the Electrospark Institute named after N.N. D.V. Lomonosov, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Research Institute of Welding Industry. Е. О. The Institute of Welding Institute named after Paton, which coordinates all basic research works in the field of welding production development in our country, develops proposals on further implementation of welding in the national economy, as well as organizes extensive research on new methods of welding.
The method of gas welding was developed at the end of the last century, when industrial production of oxygen, hydrogen and acetylene had just started. At that time, gas welding was the principal method of metal welding and ensured obtaining the strongest welded joints. In the course of time, with development and introduction of high-quality electrodes for arc welding, automatic and semi-automatic submerged arc welding and shielding gas welding (argon, helium and carbon dioxide), contact electric welding and others, it became possible to obtain the highest quality of welded joints. Gas welding was gradually superseded from many industries by these methods of electric welding. Nevertheless, gas metal welding, along with other welding methods, is still widely used in the national economy.
Among the methods of gas-flame metal processing, the leading place is occupied by gas-thermal metal cutting (oxyfuel and gas-arc cutting), which employs about two thirds of workers in this field of welding production.
Without application of gas-thermal cutting at the modern technical level it is impossible to organize production of a number of the most important products in shipbuilding, boiler and apparatus construction, chemical, oil and power engineering and other production branches. Methods of mechanized gas welding and gas-thermal cutting gas-pressure welding, automatic gas welding and cladding with the help of multiple torches, surface oxy-fuel cutting, oxy-fuel flux cutting of cast iron, stainless steels and non-ferrous metals were mastered and introduced in industry in the USSR.
For cutting non-ferrous metals (aluminium, copper) and high-alloy stainless, acid-resistant and heat-resistant steels (chromium, chromium-zinc, etc.).) Gas-arc cutting methods are widely used: plasma arc cutting, plasma arc cutting, air-arc cutting. Plasma arc cutting enables fine finishing cutting of such metals at high speeds that were impossible before, which raises productivity of blank and assembly jobs greatly.
There are also widely used processes similar to gas welding by equipment and operating methods, in which gas-oxygen flame serves as source of metal heating. Such processes include: gas-flame hardfacing, surface hardening, brazing, gas-flame straightening of goods, metallization, deposition of plastics and enamels.
The leading institute for processes and equipment of gas-flame treatment of metals is the All-Union Institute of Autogenous Mechanical Engineering (VNIIAvtogenmash), founded in 1944.Various equipment and machines for gas flame treatment that are widely used in industry were developed by Avtogenmash, and a number of devised and widely applied methods of gas flame treatment were developed by Avtogenmash. New designs of oxyfuel cutting machines are also developed and serially produced by the Odessa plant Avtogenmash.
Despite the relative simplicity of equipment and technology of gas welding and cutting, its application requires from the worker the acquiring of special knowledge. So the worker, preparing to become a gas welder or cutter must have a good understanding of the processes of gas welding and cutting, properties of welded metals and materials used in welding and gases, equipment and rules for handling welding equipment, to master the technique of welding different metals. He should master the methods of work of advanced workers of innovators of production, continuously improve their skills, to strive for rationalization of welding and cutting processes, showing initiative and ingenuity, to seek new ways of increasing productivity, increasing production, improve product quality, saving materials and reducing the cost of welded products.
Welding is used to obtain a permanent connection of parts in the manufacture of products, machinery and structures made of metal. Previously, riveting was predominantly used for this (fig. 1, а). Riveting involves drilling a lot of holes, making rivets, fastening corners, plates, brackets, and finally, riveting the product of the elements. It is associated with a high cost of metal, labor and requires a large production area. A welded item (Fig. 1, b) weighs less than riveted, easier to produce, cheaper, more reliable and can be performed in a shorter time, with less effort and materials. Welding can produce very complicated products, which previously could be obtained only by casting or forging and machining.
In the manufacture of steel structures, welding produces 10 to 20% savings in metal compared with riveting, up to 30% compared with casting steel and up to 5060% compared with cast iron.
In Fig. Fig. 1 also shows a cast tee (c) and a welded tee (d). The saving of metal in a welded tee comes from the use of a stronger steel metal instead of cast iron and the possibility of obtaining thinner walls and flanges.
To be able to weld two pieces of metal, they must be brought into such a state that between them began to act inter-atomic force adhesion. This is possible if the metal atoms move closer together than 4-10
8 cm. These conditions can be created in three ways: just the compression of parts, heating the metal to melt and heating to plastic with simultaneous compression of parts.
The first method, t. е. one pressure without heating, can be welded in some cases only very ductile metals: aluminum, copper, lead, etc. This is the so-called cold welding. The second method is applicable to metals and alloys, which are capable of going to the plastic state when heated to temperatures lower than the melting point (steel, aluminum, etc.).). which allows them to weld in a plastic state by compressing the two preheated metal pieces. When compressed, the oxide film is removed (squeezed out) from the contact surfaces and mutual penetration (diffusion) of grains of one piece into the grains of another becomes possible, which ensures their welding. With increasing temperature of heating the required value of compression force decreases.
The third method is fusion welding, which does not require compression of parts. This method allows to weld all metals and alloys, including those which do not become plastic on heating, and at once pass to a liquid condition (pig-iron, bronze, foundry alloys of aluminum and magnesium, etc.).).
Many welding methods are used in the industry. According to a number of common characteristics they can be divided into two main groups: pressure welding and fusion welding.
Welding with pressure is that the parts in the place of their connection are heated to a plastic (dough) state, and then squeezed with an external force, which leads to welding. The following welding methods belong to this group. Cold welding (fig. 2, а). The parts to be welded are first pressed with punches 2, and then finally with punches 3 and welded at point A.
Compression is carried out with the help of mechanical and hydraulic devices. Cold welding is widely used for joining aluminum wires and welding copper lugs to them.
Gas pressure welding (fig. 2,6). Parts 1 and 2 in the place of their contact are heated with a multi-flame torch 3 to a plastic state or until the edges are melted, and then compressed by an external force. This method is used for welding rods, strips and pipes. It provides high productivity and quality of welding.
Contact Electric Welding. When passing an electric current through the welded parts at the point of contact, due to the increased electrical resistance, a large amount of heat is released, heating the metal to a plastic state. The three main variants of this welding process are the most widely used.
Butt welding (Fig. 2,в). Rods 1 and 2 are fastened in clamps 3 of the butt welding machine. A current from transformer 4 is passed through the rods and the ends of the rods are brought closer together. In the contact plane 5, the rods are quickly heated to welding temperature, then the current is turned off and the rods are compressed. Butt welding is performed either by the resistance method, heating the rods only to the temperature of the plastic state, or by melting, heating the ends of the rods to the beginning of melting and then squeezing them. The latter method gives a higher-quality weld, since oxides and slag are squeezed out of the junction with the liquid metal, hindering welding.
Butt welding is used in the welding of rods, rails, pipes, chains, drills, cutters, stamped elements, and in other cases.
Spot welding (Fig. 2,г). Sheets 1 and 2 are clamped overlapping between copper electrodes 3 by spot welding.machine. Through the electrodes passes the current from the transformer 4. The metal between the electrodes gets very hot due to high resistance to current flow in this area. Then the current is turned off and the electrodes squeeze the metal, as a result of which a welded point b is formed, connecting the two plates. Spot welding is widely used in mass production of items made of thin sheet metal.
In the manufacture of all-metal carriages, car bodies, etc., different spot-welding techniques are used. different spot welding methods are used: relief (press), automatic, multi-point, single-sided spot welding.
Seam (roller) welding (Fig. 2, e) is performed on special linear-roller machines, in which the electrode serves rollers 3. In roller welding of sheets 1 and 2, a continuous seam 5 is formed. Linear welding is widely used in mass production of items made of thin metal (1.52 mm thick). Welding current to the rollers comes from transformer 4.
Linear butt welding is used for longitudinal welding of thin-walled pipes, which is performed on special continuous tube-welding machines.
Forge welding. Pairing parts are heated in a furnace or furnace to a plastic temperature (for low-carbon steel 11001200C), put one on the other and forged under a hammer, which leads to them are welded.
At present, manual forge welding is rarely used and only in isolated cases of repair work. mechanized forge welding, which uses a flame of water, natural or liquefied gas for heating, is industrially used. To compress the welded parts roll mechanisms with pneumatic or hydraulic force are used.
Friction welding was first proposed in the USSR in 1956. The heat is generated by the heat generated by the surfaces of the parts being welded rubbing against each other. Welding is carried out at the subsequent squeezing of details. Special machines are used for clamping, rotation and compression of the parts to be welded. Drills, end mills and other similar tools, as well as various parts with circular cross section made of steel, cast iron, brass, copper and aluminum are welded by this method. Friction welding can also be used to join dissimilar metals: alloyed steel to mild steel, brass and bronze to steel, copper to aluminum, etc.
The intermediate position between pressure welding and fusion welding is occupied by thermal welding (fig. 2,е). A crucible 1 with a thermite 2 mixture of aluminum and iron oxide is placed over the junction point of the rods 3. This mixture is ignited using an ignition powder.
A refractory mould 4 is placed around the joint. Superheated molten iron, formed by the reaction of combustion of thermite, flows into the joint and melts the ends of the welded rods, which are then squeezed by an external force of a special press. The method is used for welding joints of streetcar rails and large cross section bars (shafts and other parts).
Fusion welding is heated by heating the metal to a molten (liquid) state without applying pressure, with or without adding molten filler metal.
The following fusion welding methods are the most widely used. Electric current is supplied to the metal to be welded and to the electrode holder, which holds the electrode. When the distance between the electrode and the metal is small, an electric arc is formed, which melts the weld metal and the end of the electrode.
Glizmenko dl welding and metal cutting
The textbook briefly describes the basic methods of welding and cutting of metals, gives the properties of welded metals and welding materials, describes the equipment and apparatus for gas welding and cutting of metals, gas welding and cutting technology, presents basic information on technical control, organization of production and safety. The 5th edition of the textbook reflects modern technological processes and equipment for gas welding and metal cutting. Material on general metal technology was omitted from the 5th edition, but the book expanded on the description of plasma arc cutting. The book is a textbook for individual and crew training of welders on the job.
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Introduction. Chapter I. Welding of metals. § 1. Purpose and Benefits of Welding. § 2. Basic welding processes. § 3. Gas welding, its advantages, disadvantages, and applications.
Chapter II. Basic information about metals. § 1. Properties of Metals. § 2. Cast Iron. § 3. Steels. § 4. Non-ferrous metals and alloys. § 5. Hard Alloys. § 6. Metal Corrosion.
Chapter III. Materials used in gas welding and cutting. § 1. Oxygen. § 2. Calcium carbide. § 3. Acetylene and other fuels. § 4. Welding wire and fluxes.
Chapter IV. Equipment and appliances for gas welding. § I. Acetylene generators. § 2. Water safety gates and chemical cleaners. § 3. Compressed gas cylinders §3. Cylinder Valves. § 4. Pressure regulators for compressed gases. § 5. Gas distribution ramps. Sleeves (hoses). Pipelines. § 6. Welding torches. § 7. Handling of Burners.
Chapter V. Gas Welding Technology. § 1. Welding flame. § 2. Metallurgical processes in gas welding. § 3. Types, welds and edge preparation. § 4. Manual gas welding methods. § 5. Stresses and strains in gas welding. § 6. Heat treatment and straightening after welding. § 7. Tube welding. § 8. Hardfacing.
Chapter VI. Peculiarities and modes of welding of different metals. § 1. Welding carbon steels. § 2. Welding of alloyed steels. § 3. Welding cast iron. § 4. Welding copper. § 5. Brass and bronze welding. § 6. Welding of aluminum and its alloys. § 7. Welding of other metals.
Chapter VII. Metal Oxygen Cutting. § 1. The essence and basic conditions of cutting. § 2 Handheld cutting torches. § 3. kerosene cutters. § 4. Special torches. § 5. Cutting machines. § 6. Technology of oxygen cutting.
Chapter VIII. Special cutting methods. § 1. Oxygen-flux cutting. § 2. Gas-arc cutting. § 3. underwater cutting. § 4. Lance cutting.
Chapter IX. Welding Inspection. § 1. Welding Faults. § 2. Types of weld inspection.
Chapter X. Labor and workplace organization, mechanization and automation of welding production. § 1. Work and workplace organization. § 2. Welding mechanisation and automation. § 3. Welding and Cutting Work Standardization.
Chapter XI. Safety Technology. § 1. Hazards and hazards of gas welding and cutting. § 2. Fundamentals of safety in gas welding and cutting.
Glizmanenko D L Welding and Cutting of Metals
Oxygen gas cutting process conditions.
Oxygen cutting is a process of intensive local oxidation of metal, heated to the flash point, by the oxygen jet and removal of combustion products (metal oxides) by this jet.
The cutting process begins by heating the product at the starting point of the cut to a temperature sufficient to ignite (begin intense oxidation) of a given metal in oxygen. Heating is performed by the heating flame formed by combustion of combustible gas in oxygen. When the temperature of the heating zone reaches the desired value, a jet of technically pure (98% to 99%) oxygen is started. Cutting oxygen directed to the heated area causes intense oxidation of the upper layers of the metal, which, when burned, release a significant amount of heat and heats the underlying layers to ignite in oxygen. The combustion process in oxygen thus spreads over the entire thickness of the workpiece to be cut. Oxides formed during combustion, being in the molten state, are entrained by the jet of cutting oxygen and blown out of the reaction zone.
Several conditions must be met for the cutting process to be successful: 1.1. The melting temperature of the metal must be above the temperature of its ignition in oxygen, which is understood as the temperature at which intense oxidation of the metal begins to occur; 1.2. The melting temperature of the oxides must be lower than the melting temperature of the metal itself and the temperature that develops during the cutting process; 1.3. The amount of heat released by the combustion of metal in the oxygen jet must be sufficient to maintain a continuous cutting process; 1.4. thermal conductivity must not be greater than the limit at which all heat imparted by the heating flame and released during cutting is removed from the cutting point; 1.5. The oxides formed must be liquid enough to be freely blown off by the oxygen jet.
According to different researchers, the ignition temperature of low-carbon steel fluctuates within a wide range, the upper limit of which is 1350 ° C. According to I.А.Antonov (Antonov I.А. Gas-Flame Treatment of Metals. М.: “Mechanical Engineering”, 264c., 1976.) the ignition temperature of iron should be taken as the melting temperature of iron oxide FeO (wüstite), which begins to form intensively at temperatures above 680°C and makes up 90% to 95% of all iron oxides. The solid oxide phase prevents further progress of the reaction, so that the rapid development of the reaction gets only with the beginning of iron oxide melting, t. е. in a range of temperatures. 1300 °С 1350 °С. Low-carbon steel, which has a melting point of about 1500 °C, satisfies the first condition and lends itself to the oxygen cutting process without restriction.
The melting point of steel decreases with increasing carbon content. Carbon content above 0.7% leads to the fact that the melting begins at temperatures lower than the flash point, and the cutting process turns into a process of steel melting and removal of this melt from the reaction zone by the oxygen jet.
The presence of alloying elements in the alloys affects the melting temperature of both the metal itself and its oxides. If alloying elements reduce the melting point of steel, then the refractoriness of the oxides of alloying elements in some cases is much higher than the melting point of steel. For example, the presence of chromium in the metal leads to the formation of Cr2O3 oxide on the cutting surface with a melting point of 1990 °С, aluminum alloys form aluminum oxide Al2O3 with a melting point of about 2050 °С. Metals with elevated m of these elements do not lend themselves to conventional gas cutting. Table 1 gives melting temperatures of the most widely used metals and oxides of some basic elements of these metals.
Iron Low-carbon steel Carbon steel Grey cast iron Copper Brass Aluminium Zinc
1539 1500 1300. 1400 1200 1083 850. 900 657 419
Iron oxide FeO Iron oxide Fe3O4 Iron oxide Fe2O3 Copper oxide Cu2O Aluminum oxide Al2O3 Zinc oxide ZnO
Note: for alloys the above temperatures are approximate.
During iron combustion, the heat released is used to heat the layer immediately adjacent to the reaction zone, which ensures a continuous cutting process. According to some data (Glizmanenko D.Л., Evseev G.Б. Gas welding and cutting of metals. М.: Mashgiz, 1954, 548 p.) when cutting mild steel, 70% of the total amount of heat introduced into the metal, is the heat released during combustion of iron and its impurities. The remaining heat is introduced by the heated flame of the torch. It is important that the heat dissipation rate should not exceed the heat input rate, i.e.е. The thermal conductivity of the metal must be limited. When cutting metal with high thermal conductivity, such as copper, the intensity of heat input should be high enough to ensure that the cutting zone is heated to the ignition temperature. This is not always possible using conventional methods when cutting copper, so pre- or post-heating is often employed.
An important parameter influencing the cutting process is the liquid flowability of the molten oxide. High viscosity makes it difficult for the slag to be blown out of the cutting zone by the oxygen jet, which greatly hinders the cutting process. For example, silicon oxide SiO2, having considerable refractoriness, has, in addition, a large temperature variation interval of viscosity. Therefore, in cast iron, which has a rather high silicon content, the removal of slag in the cutting process causes considerable difficulty.
From the analysis of cutting conditions, it follows that of all the most commonly used metals in industry, only mild steel fully meets these conditions. As the steel content of both carbon and alloying elements increases, the cutting process becomes more difficult. Cast iron does not lend itself to the normal process of gas cutting in the conventional way at all. The reason for this is, first of all, that the melting point of the iron is lower than the ignition temperature of the iron (see “The iron melting point of the iron is lower than the ignition temperature of the iron”). Table 1), and secondly, the high melting point of silicon oxide SiO2 and its low fluidity. In addition the cutting process is hindered by a considerable amount of CO and CO2 oxides that contaminate the cutting oxygen and reduce the efficiency of the oxidation process.
High-chromium and chromium-nickel steels also do not lend themselves to the normal gas cutting process. In this case the cutting is prevented by the high melting temperature of the chromium oxide, which forms on the surface of the cut and makes the oxidation process of the underlying layers of metal impossible.
Base metals, particularly copper, aluminum and their alloys do not lend themselves to conventional gas cutting because of their high melting point and considerable thermal conductivity, which prevents the concentration of heat in the reaction zone during cutting. When cutting copper, in addition, a very low thermal oxidation effect, t.е. the heat emitted as a result of the reaction is not sufficient to heat the cutting zone up to the flash point. Therefore, along with other measures, often used copper preheating to a temperature of 750 ° C 850 ° C, and brass and bronze. 380 ° C 480 ° C (Handbook on gas cutting, welding and soldering / A.Г.Shustik, B.П.Savchenko, A.М.Tabunschik, N.Н.Pobrus; Podbr. red. Cand. tech. Sci.П.Savchenko К.: Tekhnika, 1989 104 с.), which increases total heat input in cut metal and allows more effective concentration of heat in cutting zone.
For comparison, Table 2 shows the thermal effect of oxide formation on some of the basic metals that make up the steels and alloys.
From the above suggests the conclusion that in order to increase the cutability of ferrous metals and alloys, it is necessary to reduce their concentration of both carbon and alloying elements to a level close to their concentration in low-carbon steel. In the gas cutting process, concentration reduction can be achieved by continuous introduction of powdered flux, such as iron powder, into the reaction zone. This idea was the basis for the welding production department of the Moscow State Technical University named after M.V. Lomonosov in the late 1940s, which was developed by the Department of Welding Engineering of the Moscow State Technical University. Bauman Moscow State Technical University and in parallel VNIIavtogen Institute together with Krasny Oktyabr Plant and Union Carbide and Carbon Corp (Patents Nos. 2.286.191, 2.286.192, 2.327.482, 2.327.496) oxygen flux cutting process.
The process of oxy-fuel cutting differs little from the usual process of gas-oxygen cutting, so the cutter usually enough a few days to learn the technique of cutting and maintenance of the KFR unit.
The essence of the process is as follows. In the cutting zone with a stream of oxygen (cutting or additional), compressed air or other gas, for example nitrogen, a powder-like flux on the basis of iron powder is injected, which releases an additional amount of heat during combustion, reduces the concentration of alloying elements in the metal and makes the slag thinner. In addition, the iron oxides produced by its combustion flux the slag produced during cutting.
Oxygen-flux cutting from the standpoint of its implementation technique is different from the usual process of gas cutting by the fact that the distance from the surface of the cut metal to the end face of the nozzle in the first case should be greater than in the second, because the flux ignition begins above the surface of the cut metal, and complete combustion occurs in the cavity of the cut. In practice, this distance is chosen depending on the material to be cut and varies from 15 to 50 mm.
Flux is a fine-grained iron powder with additives of some other components, for example ferrophosphorus when cutting cast iron or aluminum when cutting copper. In most cases, however, pure iron powder without any additives can be used as flux.
Oxygen-flux cutting is used to cut metals that cannot withstand the conventional gas cutting process. These include high-chromium and chromium-nickel heat-resistant and stainless steels, gray cast iron, non-ferrous metals and alloys.
Research into oxy-fuel cutting and the development of cutting equipment has been conducted by various institutes and companies. The greatest successes in this field were achieved at the department of welding production at the Moscow State Technical University named after V.V. Plekhanov. The Bauman Moscow State Technical University and VNIIAVTOGENMASH. However, a significant drawback of all these developments is, in our opinion, the fact that the flux is fed into the reaction zone either by a jet of oxygen or by a jet of compressed air or nitrogen. The mixture of oxygen and iron powder is explosive, so feeding flux with a stream of oxygen can have very negative consequences. The use of compressed air or nitrogen as a flux-carrying gas leads on the one hand to complication of the equipment, as an additional system for supplying compressed air or gas is required, and on the other hand, it significantly reduces the purity of the cutting oxygen, which significantly slows down the cutting process.
The basic difference of the set of equipment for oxy-fuel-flux cutting, developed and produced by the plant of autogenous equipment “DONMET” (Moscow, Russia) is the following.Kramatorsk, Donetsk region) is that the flux-carrying gas is combustible (propane-butane or methane), which provides increased work safety and allows feeding oxygen of initial purity into the cutting zone (Sergienko V.А. “Method of oxy-fuel flux cutting”. Ukrainian patent 002010375, publication date 15.01.2002г.). In addition, with this method of flux supply the latter is heated by the torch heating flame before it enters the reaction zone, which achieves a higher cutting speed and more complete use, and therefore saves flux.
Set (see fig. Fig. 1, photo 1) is designed for manual separation cutting of high-alloy steels, cast iron, non-ferrous metals and alloys, both in the shop environment and in the open areas. The cutting thickness limits are as follows:. high-alloy steels. up to 200 mm. pig iron of different brands. up to 200 mm. non-ferrous metals and alloys. Up to 100 mm
Flux feeder 1 with capacity of 10 l is the central unit of the set. (up to 22 kg of flux) with adjustable vortex type mixer. Flux feeder via rubber-fabric hose 2 is connected to gas cylinder 4 or to gas distribution line via cylinder gas reducer 3. A special torch 5. KFR-352 is connected to the flux feeder with the help of a rubber-fabric sleeve 6. For convenient transportation the flux feeder is fixed on the cart 7 with the load-carrying capacity of 40 kg, an additional safety 8 is also mounted on it. Torch and rubber-fabric hose are also fixed on the cart in transport position.
Flux-feeder consists of tank 1 and mixer 2 with adjusting screw 3. On the top cover of the tank is mounted T-branch 4 for connection of a rubber-fabric hose 5, going to the mixer, manometer 6 and check valve 7, which is connected to the hose from the gas cylinder. Pressure value in the tank is set by the pressure reducer on the gas cylinder within the range of 0.06. 0.1 MPa and controlled by the manometer 6 on the flux-provider. To protect the flux caster from exceeding the admissible pressure a fuse 8 is mounted on it. Flux is loaded into the tank through the neck 9, the cover of which has a valve to release gas at the end of work or before loading the next portion of flux.
As a torch KFR-352 for oxygen-flux cutting is used modernized torch with intra-nozzle mixing “PROMIN” 344. consisting of tube 1 with aluminum handle body, head 2 and supply tubes 3. Warming oxygen valve (OV) 4 and cutting oxygen valve 6 with key 7 are located on the barrel. On the inlet fitting with thread M16x1,5LH there is a ball valve 5 for supply of combustible gas with flux, which ensures the possibility of quick shutoff of combustible gas in case of backfire. There is a shield 8 mounted on feeding tubes for hands protection against heat radiation and splashes of molten metal and slag. In order to correctly set the distance from the tip of the nozzle to the surface of the metal to be cut during cutting, the cutter is equipped with a support 9.
Flux-carrying gas comes from the cylinder through the reducer to the tee, where it branches into two flows: the first. to the top of the flux-carrier to create pressure in it, the second. to the mixing chamber to create a vortex flow. Flux is entrained into the mixer by gas jet and gravity, and additional gas jet arriving into the mixer creates whirling flow that grabs flux particles and carries them to the torch. Adjust the amount of flux coming from the flux feeder to the torch by turning the mixer screw: unscrewing increases flux consumption.
For oxygen supply to the torch, it is connected by a rubber-fabric hose directly to the oxygen reducer mounted on an oxygen cylinder or oxygen distribution pipeline. Oxygen pressure should be set at least 0.7 MPa.
The control cuts, regularly made by the factory test laboratory, when using as a combustible (flux-carrying) gas of propane-butane on the workpieces of 60 mm thick from Cr-20 with flux PZHR 3.315.28-30 GOST9849-86 give the following results: Cutting speed. 140 mm/min; Flux rate. 0.56 kg/m (0.08 kg/min); Oxygen consumption. 17,6 m3 /h; Propane-butane consumption. 1.00 m3 /hour.
When selecting a flux for oxygen flux cutting, the following properties should be considered:. chemical composition;. grain size;. Oxygen affinity at cutting temperature;. heat of combustion;. fluxing action.
As mentioned above, the basis of all fluxes for CFR is iron powder. There are several reasons for this: firstly, the relative cheapness and availability of iron powder, secondly, the release of a sufficiently large amount of heat when iron is burned (cf. Table 2) and, thirdly, a relatively low melting point of iron oxide (see. table 1), which is the main component of oxides formed during combustion of iron. over, iron oxides in molten condition are rather fluid, therefore, have good fluxing effect and are easily removed from the cutting zone by the oxygen stream. Iron powder is a flux of thermomechanical action and in most cases of oxygen-flux cutting is used in pure form.
Fluxes of mechanical action include quartz sand, which melts in the reaction zone without releasing additional heat, but binds refractory oxides into more fusible compounds, t.е. Has a purely fluxing effect in the cutting process. In addition, the particles of sand, passing through the formed incision at high velocity, contribute to the mechanical removal of molten slag. Mixing of quartz sand with iron powder leads to the formation of silicate slags of the FeO. SiO2 system, which have a great fluidity, but only if they contain 30% SiO2. (Evseev G.Б., Glizmanenko D.Л. Equipment and technology for processing metals and nonmetallic materials. М., “Mechanical Engineering, 1974 312 с.).
In some cases, to improve the thermal efficiency of iron powder 5. 10% aluminum is added or, to improve the conditions for fluxing (dilution of slag). Up to 25% iron scale.
Table 3, based on the analysis of literature data, shows approximate compositions of fluxes used when cutting various materials.
Iron powder is produced in Ukraine by the State-owned Powder Metallurgy Plant (Promusel, Nov. Brovary, Kyiv region) brand PZHR 3.315.28-30 GOST9849-86 (modification ) and in Russia JSC Sulinsky Metallurgical Plant “STAKS” (Brovary, Kyiv region). Krasny Sulin, Rostov region) brand PZHV 4.160. GOST9849-86.
Under conditions of laboratory of “DONMET” many times we made the separation cutting by using pure iron powder as flux.315.28-30 steels and cast irons such as: 12X17; 08X18N10T;.Cr18Ni10T; Cr-20; Cr-15-32 and other impure materials. Photo 2 shows a sample cut made on a billet made of cast iron SC-20 with a thickness of 60 mm. When cutting, pure iron powder of PZHR brand was used as flux.
Gas Welding: How To Gas Weld & Cut Steel, Aluminum & Cast with a Cobra Torch. Eastwood
Submerged-arc welding.
This method of welding is similar to the previous one, but differs from it in that the electrode is a wire, fed from the coil and fed to the welding spot through a layer of flux, which is applied as the electrode holder or welding head moves. The arc itself is not visible. The welding process allows almost complete automation and can ensure high productivity with large thicknesses of welded parts.
The welding speed is faster, but it requires time to prepare the parts for welding. That is why submerged arc welding is economically reasonable only when the volume of work is large.
Book “Gas welding and metal cutting” Glizmanenko D.Л. 1969 г. М. High school.
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Textbook for the training of workers in manufacturing. Publisher: M. High School. Year of publication: 1969 Pages: 304 p. See. Binding: Cardboard Format: Plain Weight: 310 grams.
Abstract: The article gives a brief description of the main methods of welding and metal cutting, gives the properties of welded metals and welding materials, describes the equipment and apparatus for gas welding and metal cutting, technology of gas welding and metal cutting, gives basic information on technical control, organization of production and safety.
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Welding and cutting of metals D.Л. Glizmachenko, 1970
The book “Welding and cutting of metals” was written by D.Л. Glizmanenko for construction students. The book consists of 26 chapters.
The first chapter gives the basic concepts of metal welding. Classification of welding methods.
Chapter two gives general information about typical equipment for manual arc welding and its maintenance. A description of the electric welding station for manual welding is given. Describes the principles of operation of welding equipment, accessories and tools of the welder.
In the third chapter welded joints are described. Different types of welded joints and seams are discussed, and marks of welds on drawings are shown. Describes the preparation of metal for welding, as well as the assembly of products for welding.
The fourth chapter is about the electric welding arc. Gives the basics. Arcing combustion, melting and metal transfer in the arc are described.
The fifth chapter deals with metal processes in welding, the main reactions in the welding zone, and the structure of the weld.
Chapter six discusses electrodes for arc welding, electrode wire, electrode coatings. Carbon and graphite electrodes are reviewed.
Chapter seven describes manual arc welding technique. Different welding methods and different types of welds are discussed.
Chapter eight discusses deformations, stresses, and heat treatment in welding. Calculations of weld strength are given. Causes of deformations and stresses in welding are discussed. Heat treatment of welded products is described.
Chapter nine is devoted to the technology of manual arc welding. Welding of various metals is discussed.
Chapter ten describes the peculiarities of welding of some structures, such as tanks, pipelines, etc.п.
The eleventh chapter describes automatic and semi-automatic submerged arc welding. Different welding fluxes and various welding methods are discussed.
Chapter twelve deals with welding in inert shielding gas. Technology of argon arc welding of different metals is described.
Chapter thirteen describes carbon dioxide welding. Welding procedure, welding equipment and appliances, as well as the requirements for carbon dioxide gas are described.
Chapter fourteen deals with the arc welding of cast iron. Two methods of welding are considered: welding with preheating and without preheating.
The fifteenth chapter is devoted to arc welding of non-ferrous metals and alloys.
Chapter sixteen describes surfacing with hard alloys and metals. Hard alloys and surfacing technology are described.
Chapter seventeenth discusses arc cutting, welding, and underwater cutting.
Chapter eighteen discusses transformers for alternating current welding. Different transformers are described in detail.
The nineteenth chapter is about welding converters for direct current welding.
Chapter twenty-four deals with equipment for automatic welding.
Chapter twenty-first describes materials and equipment for gas welding and cutting.
Chapter twenty-two considers the technology of gas welding. The welding of different metals is considered.
Chapter twenty-three describes oxyfuel cutting. Oxygen cutting equipment and oxyfuel cutting technology are considered.
Chapter twenty-four describes requirements for welds. Types of control in welding are discussed. Welding defects and ways of testing welds and welded products are described.
Chapter twenty-fifth deals with the organization and rationing of welding work. Describes tools for assembly and welding, rationing of welding and cutting work.
Chapter twenty-six deals with safety in welding and cutting.